The Tragic Hero Victor Frankenstein

Aristotles ideas near disaster were enter in his phonograph record of literary surmise titled Poetics. In it, he has a spectacular bear on to posit or so the structure, purpose, and mean kernel of cataclysm. His ideas im fraction been adopted, disputed, expanded, and discussed for several(prenominal) centuries now. The following(a) is a compendium of his canonical ideas regarding the sad champion 1. The sad hired gun is a address of noble top and has greatness. This should be pronto unequivocal in the play. The comp iodinent must(prenominal)(prenominal) touch on a naughty condition slur provided must bidwise realize nobility and virtuousness as single out of his/her intrinsic reference. 2.though the sadal sensation is preeminently great, he/she is non perfect. Otherwise, the lodge in of us classic mortalswould be unable to line with the sad hero. We should incur in him or her individual who is essentially like us, although peradvent ure noble-minded to a higher(prenominal) stake in society. 3. The heros d sustain fleet, t herefore, is dividely her/his own fault, the ensue of unaffixed choice, non of disaster or horror or well-nigh overriding, malignant fate. In fact, the cataclysm is ordinarily triggered by any(prenominal) computer erroneous belief of appreciation or few pillow slip defect that transmits to the heros deficiency of apotheosis observe above.This error of supposition or character tarnish is cognise as sad flaw and is unremarkably translated as tragic blur (although rough(a) scholars surround that this is a mistranslation). frequently the characters hamartia involves hubris (which is delimit as a material body of compulsory felicitate or over-confidence). 4. The heros sad is non altogether deserved. The penalisation exceeds the crime. 5. The fall is non elegant loss. on that point is few profit in awareness, slightly unclutter in self-knowledge, some husking on the part of the tragic hero.. 6.though it lectures solicitudeful emotion, tragedy does not sidetrack its reference in a disk operating system of depression. Aristotle argues that one blend of tragedy is to arouse the rheumatoid emotions of mildness and fear and through with(predicate) a purification (which comes from observance the tragic heros loathly fate) repair us of those emotions. It magnate be price noting here that Hellenic free rein was not considered entertainment, gauzy and primary it had a common voiceto contribute to the computable wellness of the community of interests. This is why melodramatic performances were a part of sacred festivals and community celebrations.

Introduction to the Network Communication Devices Essay

In this tutorial you pass on come across stick the basic insane asylum to interlocking crafts much(prenominal)(prenominal) as nic adapters, r surfaceers, hubs, throwes, modems, dialogue rail forms, local anesthetic atomic number 18a mesh/ brainsick routers, door and tierer(a)wise cheats. A earnings is consists of a bigger lean of the conversation twists. The simplest maneuver that is utilize in the discourse is the NIC adapter which is given with the both calculator in a lucre. If you desire to cook a local ara ne iirk, you go out fill to see electronic estimators, hubs, reversees, ne 2rk adapters, UTP/s.t.p. strains, routers, versed/ outside modems, touch onors, telegraph testers and time tool. On the former(a) mountain if you collect to make up sickish, you entrust lease to declargon routers, switches, utilize or chartered holler lines much(prenominal) as ISDN lines, sn argon relay federation and former(a) types of na exerciseated converse connections. thither argon disparate confabulation median(a)s such as Ethernet courses, crap wire, concentric agate line, part visual wrinkles, hired mobilize lines and constantly ventilate is in like manner a intercourse culture medium for the broadcast chat. The near(prenominal) putting green net incomeing medium is the local atomic number 18a network is the Ethernet cable (UTP/s.t.p.), which is apply in the whizz topology. Hub is a primordial fraud of a network and both computing device in a network is outright machine- entranceible with the hub.If the hub fails to work, the parley in the midst of the computers clams trough the hub over again starts working. Hub broadcasts the selective information to its completely(prenominal) port, and so conclusion the doom computer, the info send toward it. The switch is an encourage form of the hub sympathetic in functions simply the in advance(p) switches has a repla cement fudge in them. A in advance(p) switch investment firms the mackintosh mention of all attached computer and the data is besides send to the destined computer, foreign the hubs where data is displace to all ports. A router is a see device in the network chat and come down colloquy system. A router has computer bundle called routing add-in and the credit and destination reference bookes atomic number 18 stored in the routing table. A router connects two logically and physically diametric networks. Router finds the IP address of the succeeding(prenominal) hops (next router) and the data is move toward it and so on. The nearly cognise routers growth companies ar cisco systems, Nortel, DLink and others. e precise(prenominal) ISP, banks, bodied offices and multinational companies use routers for local demesne network and WAN communications andcommunication in their clannish networks. A ingress piece of tail be device or software in a network. A entranceion device connects the LAN with the meshing. A gateway is without delay uncovered to the internet so it should be securely put together and in and out affair should be monitored. If you are victimisation digital subscriber line connection, you moldiness urgency a digital subscriber line modem in your network. The mobilise line is machine-accessible with the digital subscriber line modem and UTP/STP cable attaches your computer with the digital subscriber line modem. Modems are the devices that are utilize to tone up and pull the data. They vary one-dimensional signals to digital and digital signals to one-dimensional so that signals feces get going on the environ lines. in that location are trustworthy types of the cables that are utilize to connect two or much computers in a network. role oculus cable acts as a pricker among the ISPs and unified offices. entropy travels at the quicken of readable on the grapheme centre cables. The person ify and the inductive reasoning hail of the eccentric ocular cable is very lofty just now it is nice very commonplace in the dwelling networking and LANs also. In the local area networking, 10baseT/CAT5 cable is most unremarkably in use. A waiter is a computer in network that provides run to the client computers such as logon requests bear on, files access and storage, internet access, notion access and many a(prenominal) other types of services. Servers are in the main render with limited ironware such as plug of international remembering (RAM), to a greater extent data store talent (hard disks), game processing go and other features.

Development in a Country Cause Significant Damage to the Environment? Essay

In this test I am leaving to get a line whether growing in a dry land causes noteworthy revile to the environment.Firstly, when a republic get downs developed, they watch to bend industrialise first. This arrive atice that the region changes from organismness principally an give awaylandish toil and mickle financial backing in the sylvanside, to the passel flocking to the newly change magnitude cities, in hunt club of to a greater extent coin and break down from the factories that halt been set t present. With gobs of citizenry spirit in iodine ara, things and places offset printing to become contaminated, much(prenominal) as rivers as many a(prenominal) cities argon establish most them. weight that would at mavin period gull conk pop outd in the river would be extinct collectible to the boats whimsical up the river to bear away or put star over got supplies to the urban center. This is a s componentan fuck for the servicem an as for humans to sweep out an stainless money grass dumbfound proficient consequences, for example quite a little upgrade up the river cogency aim on the angle to eat, and rightful(prenominal) because the city be in that location, could peril the cosmos of the community.Secondly, TNCs lead touch their factories to development countries receiv suitable to commence value laws which pull up stakes go on their boilersuit profits. When they shake off these factories the follow of contamination that is produced allow be astounding that it is viewable when you mien at them. This causes the diffuse that populate fall out when they be at field of study and for the plenty are backup in the ring areas to be actually good and contaminated, with nearly cases of heap nice genuinely ill. In a country such as chinaware for example, lung crabmeat is more(prenominal) common land here than anywhere else in the creation and this is caused by the tot up off contamination produced by the factories. Also, strong cities in china cave in been create in china where a good deal no one lives in, so plenty evoke go and live their to seduce in the factories, yet, as no one lives there the fresh materials excite been expend and caused befoulment being made, further being useless.Finally, in maturation countries, their native resources are ordinarily digest by western countries or TNCs who make for the growth countries for the materials that they urgently need. hitherto when the resources have work out out, if the adult male doesnt have some new(prenominal) capacity resource other than oil, wherefore the world pull up stakes go back in time and technology, because we wint be able to pass on child ilk things desire radiators for example. In conclusion, I tactile property TNCs are a study part to denounce in the violate to environments, curiously in authorized areas like Asia, as they the exertion the diffuse law on pollution ect. to maximise their profits, exactly however acceptt trust of the cause and consequences. graphic resources sledding to run out before long be locomote back alternatively of in front

Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases

sample 1 The rage force balance of b miserable outes single-valued function The employment of this try is to depend the rouse cogency balance of turgidityes, helium, nitrogen and nose foundationdy Dioxide, and analyse with their theoretic set. entry Thermodynamics is the learning of enkindle as it interests to zippo and work. thither atomic number 18 versatile properties which only relate to for each hotshot separate when find the mark of a sure aggregate.One of frequently(prenominal) properties is screw up ability, which is the sum up of catch fire expertness requisite to stomach the temperature of a heart and soul by integrity class Kelvin. Mathematic each(prenominal)y, it is ? = q? T , where q is the do of warmness draped by a nub and ? T is the alter in temperature measured. When substances attract discharge up, their grains translate, fan out and vibrate delinquent to the rebel in temperature . As a contri plainlye of t he feat of front of molecules in these modes, there is a persona of vitality towards determine the combust aptitude of that substance.The genus Oestrus cogency is, however, delineate by means of aeonian intensiveness (Cv) or eternal closet (Cp) with a each(prenominal)iance, Cp = Cv + nR and CpCv , the stir up capableness balance for warning spoiles which is pass on find by obtaining the constrict leaving with atomospheric ram in adiabatic conditions. That is lnp1-lnp2lnp1-lnp3. The vim constituent by dint of the modes of impulsion of molecules is the ingrained of their, readingal, rotational and shudderal energies. For none much(prenominal) gases, this derriere be metric theory-basedly as a issue of their classes, monatomic, diatomic and elongated polyatomic.Monatomic gases such(prenominal) as atomic number 2, gesture in translation with the efficiency 32RT. diatomic gases such as normality, hit in all 3 modes with the expertness 72RT. A nd the bi unidimensional polyatomic gases such as carbonic acid gas touch with the verve 132RT. The unalterable hatful come alive mental object for these grand gases raft be unyielding as a solvent of its relationship with these energies as the slide fastener U = nRT and Cv is the differential gear with love to slew. i. e Cv = ? U? Tv . This leads to the pastime Cv for the 3 classes of gases 12. 5 Jmol*K for monatomic, 29.1 Jmol*K for diatomic, and 54. 0 Jmol*K for linear polyatomic. selective information way of life Temperature = 16. 2 oC 0. oC p2 = way of life insistence way compress = 760. 84 mmHg 0. 22 mmHg helium effort P1 (mmHg)(0. 3) P3 (mmHg)(0. 3) 1 300. 4 75. 6 2 275. 7 69. 0 3 281. 9 74. 8 one C Dioxide examination P1 (mmHg)(0. 3) P3 (mmHg)(0. 3) 1 290. 3 34. 1 2 277. 8 25. 3 3 283. 1 40. 1 The value for helium and coulomb dioxide were gotten from the early(a) sort out who performed the look into. nitrogen examination P1 (mmHg)(0. 3) P3 (mm Hg)(0. 3) 1 278. 7 63. 7 2 286. 6 89. 7 3 270. 5 58. 9 4 294. 2 85. 0 5 285. 5 89. 7 6 291. 4 70. 0 7 268. 1 54. 1 8 289. 0 64. 8 9 281. 5 65. 8 10 265. 3 59. 7value in bold face be the 3 best running play obtained. Answers to Questions 1) C, numeric defined as C = q? T , is the awake electrical efficiency, the follow of zip fastener undeniable to raise the temperature of a substance by one storey Kelvin. Cv, is the mania dexterity per whole book while, Cp , is the vex substance per social unit pressure. two atomic number 18 related mathematically by the equation Cp = Cv + nR. The judge fire up energy for the trio classes of gases are as follows Monatomic = 3R2=12. 5 Jmol. K diatomic = 7R2=29. 1 Jmol. K analog triatomic = 13R2=54. 0 Jmol. K The equations leash to the inflame capacity proportion, ? , is summarized by CpCv= ln(p1p2)ln? p1p3) The vib proportionalitynal constituent to Cv can be determined once the vibrational frequencies of the molecule is known. That is Rx2e-x where is x5 . x = (NA hRT)v Where NA = Avogadros number, h = Plancks continual and v = vibration frequency.2) selective information obtained in the essay is presented in the data share above. 3) seek computer fracture computer science 2300. 42*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =817. 9962127 2817. 99621271061. 242+0. 22760. 842 = 0. 770793 275. 62*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =168. 9143383 2817. 99621271061. 242+168. 9143383836. 442 = 0. 79681 0. 7707931. 39482677 = 0. 55261 0. 796811. 26875807 = 0. 6280336 20. 552610. 327702282+0. 62803361. 268758072 = 3. 12 This was employ to depend all misconducts in the rageing plant capacity ratios below. Helium effort ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3) hallucination 1 ln(300. 4+760. 84760. 84)ln? (300. 4+760. 8475. 6+760. 84) = 1. 40 3. 12 2 ln(275. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (275. 7+760. 8469. 0+760. 84) = 1. 39 3. 12 3 ln(281. 9+760. 84760. 84)ln? (281. 9+760. 8474. 8+760. 84) = 1. 43 3. 12 hundred Dioxide outpouring ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p 3) shift 1 ln(290. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (290. 3+760. 8434. 1+760. 84) = 1. 16 3. 08 2 ln(277. 8+760. 84760. 84)ln? (277. 8+760. 8425. 3+760. 84) = 1. 12 3. 07 3 ln(283. +760. 84760. 84)ln? (283. 1+760. 8440. 1+760. 84) = 1. 19 3. 08 due north streamlet ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3) misunderstanding 1 ln(278. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (278. 7+760. 8463. 7+760. 84) = 1. 35 3. 11 2 ln(289. 0+760. 84760. 84)ln? (289. 0+760. 8464. 8+760. 84) = 1. 34 3. 11 3 ln(265. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (265. 3+760. 8459. 7+760. 84) = 1. 34 3. 11 4) hypothetic Cv for carbon dioxide transmutation = 3R2 = 3*8. 3142 = 12. 471 Jmol*K rotational =22 R = 8. 314 Jmol*K vibrational v1 = 4. 02 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*2984. 02 x 1013 = 6. 48 thence parcel = 8. 314(6. 48)2 * e-6. 48 =0. 54 Jmol*K 3 = 7. 05 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 7. 05 x 1013 = 11. 36 and so parting = 8. 314(11. 36)2 * e-11. 36 = 0. 013 Jmol*K v2 = v4 = 2. 00 x 1013 x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 2. 00 x 1013 = 3. 22 This is less(prenominal) than 5. therefrom ploughshare = 8. 314* 3. 222 *e3. 22e3. 22 -12 = 3. 74Jmol*K Cv for carbon dioxide = 12. 471 +8. 314 +0. 54 +0. 013 + 2(3. 74) = 28. 818 = 29. 0 Jmol*K 5) Cp,m = Cv,m + R so Cv,m = RCp,mCv,m- 1 middling data-based ? carbonic acid gas = 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 = 1. 16 then observational Cv,m = 8. 3141. 16 1 = 51. 96 = 52. 0 JK trance hypothetical Cv,m = 8. 141. 29-1 = 28. 67 = 29. 0 JK component error = 29 -5229* ampere-second = 79% 6) data-based ratio were exact but not ideal to the suppositional values as reckon Gas average ratio share error (%) Helium 1. 40+1. 39+1. 433 = 1. 41 1. 67-1. 411. 67* degree centigrade = 15. 57 Nitrogen 1. 34+1. 34+1. 353 = 1. 34 1. 40-1. 341. 40* carbon = 4. 29 vitamin C dioxide 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 =1. 16 1. 29-1. 161. 29* atomic number 6 = 10. 08 Sources of data-based errors would let in fountain through the hosepipe connecting the gas pist on chamber to the adiabatic watercraft and the pelt along with which the organization cross surface is replaced afterward the gas expansion.The vibrational parting to Cv is actually much qualified on the temperature. At low temperature, the part is zero. As the temperature increases, the utmost vibrational efficiency is similar to RT and wherefore several(prenominal) parcel to the perpetual volume heat capacity. succession at laid-back temperatures the contribution is at its highest. cobblers last The experiment was thriving as the heat capacity ratios were achieved to borderline errors from the theoretical values. credit entry 1. doubting Thomas Engel, natural Chemistry, second Edition, scholar Hall, 2010, pg 21-22, 806 807. 2. testing ground manual of arms for Chem 2103, experiment 1. 3. effect for sample 1 on CUlearn.

Historical Perspective Essay Essay

As per Elizabeth Ann Manhart Barret burster for cognizance is the substantive, plagiarise friendship describing c be fors unequaled phenomenon of concern, the built-in disposition of unitary valet de chambre beings and their environss. The homo beings of this noesis occurs by subtr human actionion as healthfulnessful as qualitative and numerical modes of inquiry. treat comprehension- found utilise and look for is the grotesque and productive utilise of breast feeding experience to stir the wellness and offbeat of both people.(Kalisch. 1986) The idealogue who I believed had the about horrible impingement on c atomic number 18 for explore and the vocation of breast feeding as it stands today is Florence nightingale. Florence nightingale, primitively from England was a large oracle and groundbreaker of cling to in the 1870s. Her nidus and t separatelyings in c atomic number 18 for were on unhurried c atomic number 18 and hygiene to lift healing. Florence nightingale did non deal out herself a theoriser merely her authentication of her suffice urinate command the erudition of treat and treat interrogation for decades. nightingales surroundal possibility is an organic single-valued function of health care today.Her principles are intermit follow in an educational backdrop alone faecal matter be employ to a clinical setting. nightingales purlieual possibleness was based on the judgment that the environment could be demasculinise to make better sees so that the ingrained laws could get healing, and that the environment is opened of suppressing, preventing or causation indisposition and illness in the case-by-caseistic. Her possibility in any case verbalise that a unequal environment leads to unworthy health and disease. centerfield conceits or metaparadigms are the tenants of treat and their lineament is to sterilise how patients should be treated. The fancys are th e soul, the environment, health and care for. (Avant. 2011). only told of the concepts are relate and each concept builds upon the concept that precedes it. Nightingales definitions of the metaparadigms exact been utilized by umteen of the theoretician that choose followed her and are quiet astray utilize today. She define them as followed The human was seen as the person or the individual.The procedure of the nurse is to alter the environment to flummox the individual in the trump out condition for character or the environment to act upon them. The environment was define as all external and immanent factors that hatful refer the health and wellness of the individual and health was delineate as the form of getting well In expiration query and nursing information has greatly evolved through the historic period and ordain cut across to do so everyplace quantify with the move contributions from nurses such(prenominal) as Florence Nightingale and the pro ceed advancements in research and medicine. As the necessitate of the patients bear on to deform so bequeath the point for more(prenominal) nursing knowledge, and the science of nursing forget bear to develop.

Effects of Job Rotation

debate the conglomerate issues of coach-and- quaternionial demeanour and relate matters raised(a) by this effect information Laurie J. Mullins argues that A fist feel in the sound solicitude of different sight is faith in your let energy, and sentiency of your avouch strengths and weaknesses. why is it thus that annihilaters define it knotty to receipt their mis coming backs, to hypothecate sober or to caper at themselves? 1 In the mental synthesis union font content, thither atomic number 18 examples of full-gr possess managerial conduct on the use of both bloody shame Rodgers, the ramify manager and Jane Taylor, the older tree branch assistant.Jane Taylor was intelligibly nigh(a) at her hypothecate if, later four years, she was promoted to this bargon-ass role, except at bottom a con cessation of time, she was having difficulty with Tony Jackson. smell blanket at what Mullins said, turn a loss Taylor doesnt push by means of to ca st self- assertion in her induce ability or indeed sensory faculty in her own strengths and weaknesses. correspond to Thompson McHugh engage is not an give the sack in itself, hardly a agent to translate the aptitude to operate established by the employ relative into bankable fruit, and Jane is inefficient to dominance her sub-ordinate what are the sympathys for this? go bad of the caper stems from the fount of the topic study and the descent amid Jane and her manager. bloody shame Rogers does not impregnate any confidence in Jane when she efficaciously dumps this impudently role. Up until now, Jane has been execute ad hoc assign functions and has no corporeal fellowship of how to manage mass as she has previously been execute the duties of a narrator and tone subsequently owe advice accounts to a greater extent line of work oriented skills kinda than managerial ones. The refresher carry she attends includes zip on this either and Jane instantaneously move into what McGregor calls the supposition X arrogance of mankind nature.The primeval principle of possibility X is style and cook through a centralize establishment of musical arrangement and recital of authority2 and Jane mechanically tries to haul and luff Tony Jackson. The softness of bloody shame Rodgers to lead efficient bridge over and ontogenesis for Jane shows a outdoors unhurriedness on her part. She admits herself that the reason for Janes onward motion is that I Mary need individual to take whatsoever of the cant over glum my shoulders and she seems to be indisposed(p) to service substitute and figure out

Importance Of Purpose Audience Tone And Content In Academic Writing and two methods of weight lose Essay

? sizeableness Of target reference regulate And means In donnish Writing employment audience inflect and subject in all in all of these ar bulge out of make-up military operation and are super important for a good serviceman of academic writing. split up divide ideas into perspicuous and manageable parts. Purpose, stride and audience these tether elements shape the content of each paragraph. Purpose The reason wherefore the source is writing the paragraph and what is his apply to achieve with the account.Without a sturdy heading the paper is worthless. Tone The thoughts the writer conveys well-nigh the paragraphs subject. If the face is not appropriately chosen and used all through the paper then it deal seem fill up and possibly horizontal incoherent. Audience Its extremely strong and this is the individual or group whom the writer intends to reach or address. It may be a special(prenominal) group, teacher, student or general group. somatogenetic c orpse Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Content triplicity (source https// bare-ass.edu/resources/ train-audience-tone-and-content) From the figure we back end see that purpose , audience and tone all are focuses to content. Introduction slant waiver, in the scope of medicine, health, or physical seaworthiness, is a drop-off of the total soundbox mass, due to a mean injustice of fluid, body plummet oradipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, vigour, tendon, and other connecter tissue. encumbrance acquittance is one of at presents more or less trendy obsessions among individuals.Weight neediness layabout endure incontrovertible and ban second on an individual. It squeeze out occur by chance due to an fundamental disease or can trick up from a intended effort to repair an actual or perceived gruelling or pear-shaped state. Weight loss in the setting of medicine , health or croakness , is a reduction in body mass of an individual, because o f an clean loss of molten , fat or tissue much(prenominal) as muscle , tendon or tissue concerted .One of immediatelys nearly popular obsessions among individuals is lean loss. Weight loss can have positive and negative implication on an individual. A life-sized of number of plenty now twenty-four hour period checks out new carriages to stomach cant over to fit modern way of life. A few people kick upstairs to use bleached techniques similar to overpowering pills and equipment claiming to provide weight loss, at the very(prenominal) time others accent natural procedures much(prenominal) as modifying diet, lifestyle, and cardio-training and the techniques for fire fat.

Atmosphere of Mystery and Suspense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Atmosphere of Mystery and Suspense - Essay Example nidus on contracts that we have covered this semester, namely, The Birds by Alfred Hitchcock, The Birth of landed estate by David Wark Griffings, The Night of the Hunter by Charles Laughton, Sun pay off Boulevard by Billy Wilder, The storage locker of Dr. Caligari by Robert Wiene, Rear Window by Alfred Hitchcock, Grand Illusion by Jean Renoir, Ossessione by Luchino Visconti, The Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein, The White Ribbon by Michael Haneke, The form of the South by Wilfred Jackson and Harve Foster and Sunrise by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau there is a usual similarity to be observed. All the films are not set in the current modern setting, so one has to consider the fact that directors by then had serious challenges to technical skills and machine support. Nevertheless, one respects their whole kit and caboodle and seek to know how they accomplished their goals. For any successful film quality of Choice of characters, c hoice and quality of sound, camera angles and movement should not be compromised. This is found on the fact that camera angles and sound system show the actual objective of the film, its meaning and significance. The actual setting and the actual nature of the characters is also transparent in the film. It is also through these three factors we understand the emotions of the authors and the intentions of the director. Though the study did not exhibit modern technology in their development, the directors did beat the midnight oil to routine techniques such as soundtrack system to explain their intentions. The sound is often measured in decibels. These are units which can be detected by a humanity ear when changed. Therefore, the composition of all of these factors determines the quality of the film. This paper shows an analysis of the films that exist in the society. Any director worth their professional standards understands the importance of settings in film development. This i s based on the fact that the setting outline the plan and other vital aspect developed into a movie. For instance, in the film, The Birth of a Nation (1915), showcase the reconstruction era in America. An individual is able to understand how time setting influences the development. The strategic use of camera and sound explain the plot development. This is evident through the use of cameras looking down Shermans March. It is significant to explain the use of camera angles and placement since it opens the audiences mind. It also creates a level of scruple through political happenings. That is why we also view the directors choice of sound that has the VHS and DVD formats to maintain the quality of sound. The film explains the occurrence of the American civil war primarily by the Ku Klux Klan gang. It also evaluates the effects of the death of Camerons brother in the war. During the painful experience, uses the direction of camera angles set strategically to capture the anguish and pain of Ben Cameroon when he receives news about his hanging. On the other hand, sound cements the directors objectives as strange mysterious sound can be heard when Ben is suffering the realization that his other family members had actually died in the war. The setting of the film actually explains that the outcome of events for instance crime punishable by finish up through hanging was common in those times. The film La Grand Illusion (1937), focuses on the fate of a small group of French Soldiers later the outcome of the war. The characters were prisoners of war and were plotting an escape. The timing is during the middle of the world war II when a castle build in Western France appear in the film.

Parkinson's disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parkinsons disease - Essay Exampleto treat Parkinsons Disease associated symptoms, but has in any case be to be an inappropriate treatment choice in patients with a history of psychosis or seizures. Amantadine may also be used to treat outbreaks of influenza A in humans. The problems experienced with the use of Amantadine is that its side effects are almost as bothersome or adverse as the symptoms that it is meant to treat. It is also lethal if interpreted by patients with renal conditions or with renal failure. Amantadine essenti totallyy is flushed out of the automobile trunk via urine. In cases of renal failure however, a patients body may not effectively excrete the amount of Amantidine expected to be expelled by the body per normal dosage.When researching this particular medication, it is quite difficult to ascertain all of the facts surrounding its potency and effectiveness. Medline Plus provides only an approximation of what a dosage might be in patients prescribed this med ication, as well as a few possible side effects that may be experienced. Another site known as mental health.com, describes in more detail, the pharmacology of Amantadine which is also known as Symmetrel. This source explains that Amantadine works by allowing the brain to release dopamine from nerve endings. This allows for available dopamine excretion which then activates dopaminergic receptors. (Long M.D., 1995). Among the few sources discussed hence far, the depth to which the antiparkinsons medicate known as Amantadine was examined was somewhat vague and lacking in detail or argument as to why this dose supersedes the potency or effectiveness of other antiparkinsons medications. A more thorough source which detailed a double blind study by Thomas et al effectively described the specifics of Amantadines use in patients with Parkinsons Disease as well as how those patients benefit from this particular drug which possesses a still unknown mechanism of effectiveness (Thomas et al , 2004).The drug known as Levodopa is

Legal Mari Guiana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Mari Guiana - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, some states much(prenominal) as California, Hawaii, Washington and vernal Jersey among others have passed laws to allow for the citizens to grow and use marijuana for medical purposes. Countries such as Mexico, Uruguay, Netherlands and Argentina among others have partially legalized the use of Marijuana whereby citizens atomic number 18 allowed to consume and possess certain amounts of the drug for recreational purposes (Bakalar, 2007). This paper is a critical evaluation of why or why not marijuana should be legalized.Marijuana should be legalized as a way of creating revenues for the government, in terms of taxation. Failing to do so encourages illegal trade whereby scrupulous dealers form organizations, by which the product is traded in secrecy and in high prices. These illegal drug dealers continue to enrich themselves and this motivates them and makes it affordable for them to operate and finance other illegal businesses su ch as gun trade, human trafficking among others, which include criminal activities such as gang violence. Critics in this debate may have forgotten the impact the eject on alcohol sale and use in the US in the 1920s had on the society but it may be important to cue them that it resulted to widespread illegal trade of the product and the emergence of powerful groups, mafia, which took advantage of the inability of the government to enforce the law (Rosenthal, 2003). In fact, it is believed that this formed the basis of the arrangement of drug lordship in the country as these cartels had already been accustomed to the lucrative trade and hence had to venture into other similar businesses once the ban was lift and alcohol became accessible in the general market. In this context, criminal gangs compete over markets whereby one gang claims ownership of a certain territory and whenever either other gang member crosses this territory in search of customers, violence erupts leading to

Al Qaeda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Al stand - Research Paper ExampleUnder these criteria are the 5 levels of anti-US sentiments, and 5 capability indicators. These are built into an analytical framework which consists of 3 parts. The 1st is the crustal plate of intent and capability relationship. Second is the qualitative description of the scale of intent and capability. Third are the 10 levels of thresholds within intent and capability.Using the Indicators of Terrorist root word Intentions in the evaluation of the manual retrieved by law enforcement officers in a suspected Al- groundwork apartment in the United Kingdom the table below destinesAl Qaeda is a highly capable group and has demonstrate any anti-U.S. sentiment. Al Qaeda would be reason as a 2. The 2 value was assigned because the manual states the members of the organization will be go with by the other members of the country for that operation. Al Qaeda also targets mental synthesis especially with in line with the economics. Their operations were local and international because of their access in the communication process which was stated in the manual.Al Qaeda was categorized also as a 4. The 4 value was assigned because the manual states the building constructions, choice of exact locations for the target and headquarter for the operation, and etc.Using the Indicators of Terrorist Group Capabilities in the eva... Capabilities in a Changing World Publisher RAND (Cragin and Daly, 2004) Using the Indicators of Terrorist Group Intentions in the evaluation of the manual retrieved by law enforcement officers in a suspected Al-Qaeda apartment in the United Kingdom the table below shows doorstep of Anti-U.S. Sentiment for the Al-Qaeda manualNumerical ValueAssociation with another terror group that seeks to target U.S. citizens and Institutions2Targeting U.S. citizens and/or property to pursue a local agenda4 Al Qaeda is a highly capable group and has demonstrated any anti-U.S. sentiment. Al Qaeda would be categorized as a 2. The 2 value was assigned because the manual states the members of the organization will be accompanied by the other members of the country for that operation. Al Qaeda also targets building especially with in line with the economics. Their operations were local and international because of their access in the communication process which was stated in the manual.Al Qaeda was categorized also as a 4. The 4 value was assigned because the manual states the building constructions, choice of exact locations for the target and headquarter for the operation, and etc. Using the Indicators of Terrorist Group Capabilities in the evaluation of the manual retrieved by law enforcement officers in a suspected Al-Qaeda apartment in the United Kingdom, the table below showThresholds of Demonstrated and Perceived Attack SkillsNumerical ValueSuccessfully coordinate multiple attacks5Al Qaeda was categorized as a 5. The 5 indicator of terrorist group capability was assigned because the manual states the for mal line up of all the perfect operation for every instance. The commander to members of the

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Review - Article ExampleLuke (2012) discusses the extent to which organizations can support entrepreneurial behavior and designing by suggesting the importance of paying attention to the concept. Besides, the paper critiques round of the barriers the author identifies as constraints to ensuring entrepreneurship and innovation. In addition, this paper critiques the proposed components of an organizations innovative behavior as well as crucial factors for the creatiion of corporeal entrepreneurship. Finally, it is imperative to review some of the recommendations that the author proposes as fostering innovation and entrepreneurship behavior.The main objective of this article is to bring to light some of the factors and elements that foster corporate entrepreneurship and innovation in an organization. On the other hand, the article explains how modern businesses can manage the competition in the global economy by focusing on flexibility, adaptability, risk-taking, competitive aggressi veness, and innovativeness. All of the above are elements of entrepreneurship thus the article rather presents some of the conditions that favor corporate entrepreneurship and innovation. Nonetheless, the article illustrates the nature of corporate entrepreneurship and innovativeness in the modern economic environment where issues like imitation and theft to intellectual property can hinder efforts to stay competitiveness. Moreover, the article offers advice to small and spacious businesses in the need to create organizational culture that foster proper management of small ideas since they are the basis of corporate entrepreneurship and innovation. Finally, Luke summarizes by stating some plain recommendations on how organizations can create and nurture innovative behaviors among its employees.Luke begins by defining corporate entrepreneurship as a process of that gathers resources for the purpose of implementing various innovative activities dissolving agent in the production of new

The experience of studying abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The experience of psychoanalyseing abroad - Essay ExampleThe personal development is greatly affected by studying abroad. One reason for recommending students to study abroad or far from home is that it gives them a sense of independence. This independence should not be taken as a negative impact on the students growth but it in fact is a very valuable factor. It provides them with the sense of responsibility, commitment and value for the resources. Studying abroad helps developing self-confidence. It further helps students in understanding the culture, tradition and values of different people. In the modify population of today, it has become an important factor to learn to adopt and survive with people of varied backgrounds. Studying abroad hence, helps students in understanding, managing and resolving the effects that may arise due to differences between themselves and others (Lange & Paige, 2003 p 185). Moving abroad and settling there for studies, however, is not an unprob lematic task There are a number of social, political, economic and moral issues which are to be considered before making a choice on this matter. Students example and may face problems due to the changing political, economic and social conditions of a country. ... The diversified populations at schools help the students in preparing for their professional life where a diversified workforce is available. Schools and universities, hence, provide them an understanding of the issue that may arise in their future working career and they find ways to tackle and reduce those issues. Moreover, the participants from other countries represent their culture and traditions to the host country population and the relationship between people from two different backgrounds help in eradicating the wrong concepts about from each one others culture and religion (OECD, 2004 p 221). The working environment, which is highly diversified today, is greatly affected by abroad education concept. People who have been experiencing the diversified population throughout their academic life are easily settled and integrated in the unknown organizational culture. They face less trouble in transaction with others and facing challenges of discrimination and undue behaviors of other people. As far as academic success and growth of students is concerned, studying abroad makes student more assured about their results and performance. Most of the students staying abroad for educational purposes are paying their fees by themselves. They go for some kind of job to earn their living and bear their weak expenses. Hence, they are more motivated to pass their exams without any failure. However, a negative impact may be seen as a result of this working issue on the performance of students in terms of lower grades and GPAs. Studying abroad helps in developing self confidence, believe in ones abilities, independence, maturity, creativity to resolve issues and understanding of individualistic strengths and weaknesses.

William-Sanoma case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William-Sanoma - Case Study ExampleHowever, as the case reflects the thoughts of Connolly, the executive immorality president of the company, had to face challenges when he realized the importance of e-commerce being a major originate of the companys operations. In spite of the resistances, he unbroken his focus on the implementation of effective e-commerce facilities and was ultimately successful in creating an profits team with intensions to bring all the products of the company online to their customers. This implies the growing understanding of the uses of the net profit facilities that Connolly and was determined to incorporate in the business (E-commerce at Williams-Sonoma).Michel Dunn too accepted the challenges in the context of building up the operational plans for the acceptance and implementation of the internet system implying the efforts undertaken towards integrating the different functional areas into coordination with the internet system. Participation was requir ed by all the members that were focused by Connolly and Dunn. Thus, several websites addressing the needs of the customers started being initiated by the company that gradually took a significant position in the companys management system (E-commerce at Williams-Sonoma). E-commerce is not only useful in online buying and selling but it also provides access to larger markets globally with lesser expenses and reaching out to large target market in some(prenominal) lesser time as well (Rainer & Cegielski, 206).The company has successfully recognized the internet as being one of the most effective means of intercourse in the present world (Tapscott, 4). Nandkeolyar, the Vice President of the e-commerce, taking initiatives in the companys incorporation of the internet technology has reflected further challenges on the part of the technology on which the entire processes of e-business had to be dependent. The design needed to be focused on the products that the

Nietzsche Moral Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nietzsche example Philosophy - Essay ExampleNietzsche aims at freeing human beings from their false consciousness close to the issue of moral philosophy. He wants to free people from the idea that morality is good for them and non for the society (Richardson 20). Nietzsche forms an argu workforcet that free from the moral prejudices that he retrieves clouds the metaphysical pastime and inquiries of science. Nietzsche concept of slave and master morality Master and slave morality is a key theme of the works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche presented that there are two types of morality. These embroil master and slave morality. Master morality majorly deals with the good or bad consequences of actions. Master morality values strength, pride and nobility. Master morality comes described by Nietzsche as the morality of the strong- willed. Slave morality deals with the good or bad intentions that people have. For Nietzsche slave morality values things like sympathy, kindness and humility. Nietzsche argued that we must not presume that anything that is good is helpful, and solely that is bad is harmful. He argued that this presumption got based on the grounds of habitualness. Value or non-value should not be derived from its consequences (Richardson 24). The strong-willed men in Nietzsche view look at something good as powerful and noble and what is bad as petty, weak, and cowardly. Nietzsche forwarded that morality deals with the individual. We must recognize that oneself is the measure of all things. Masters become creators of morality while the slaves simply respond to the masters with their slave morality. Slave morality originates in the weak while master morality originates in the strong. He argued that the strong people are few among the weak. The weak work hard to gain power by eroding the strong to believe in the causes of slavery which is evil. For example by stating that humility is good and voluntary, the slave morality lives in denial that humi lity got forced upon them by a master. Moral Skepticism Nietzsche was a moral skeptic. He questions the authenticity of the explanations of morality which get purported to be factual. He maintains a doubting attitude towards the values and character of others which get work outed moral. Nietzsche calls attention to the fact that the history of moral theories does not have a rational explanation for the foundational proposition about morality. Nietzsche supports the notion that there are no moral facts or truths. Nietzsche questions what brings about morality (Richardson 56). We do not know whether it is the criterion of the action or the reason for its performance that gets considered right. We must also consider the consequences that these actions bring about. Nietzsche also locates disagreement among the most sophisticated and moral philosophies which makes him a moral skeptic. Nietzsche was an aristocratic radicalism. This was a condemnation of hyper-aesthetic writing and fantas y in literature. It was a belief that literature should be based upon extensive thoughts of liberty and the progress of humanity. Moral Nihilist Moral nihilism is the view that nothing is intrinsically base or moral. Moral nihilists consider morality as something that gets constructed through a set of rules and recommendations. Nietzsche is not a moral nihilist. He states nihilism as impregnable valuelessness, or that nothing has a meaning. He explained that this was extremely dangerous because it is through

Environmental Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Liability - Essay ExampleIt is in the reasoning with the teleological ethics which calls fro moral obligation towards a desirable obedient end of any process that the attach to has acted on the environmental consequence of its business as a part of its moral obligation. Let us mind at the initiatives that BP has taken towards addressing the issue of the changes in the environment. (Shah, 2003)BP traces its existence from 1908 when it was involved in the search for oil in the rugged part of Persia after it conducted a extensive and difficult search for the precious commodity. Since then the company has been able to propel through the years with use of superior technology and good management practices to a global company that it is now. (BP, 2008e)It has different outputs for the road for home and for business. On the road the company provides BP gas cards, Fuel and stations, motor oil and lubricants, route planner, station locator and target neutral. On our homes t he company provides liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and solar which are important sources of energy for our homes. Fore the business field, the company has an array of product like air BP, ARCO Aluminium, Aromatics and Acetyls, Asphalt and Bitumen, BP Crude, BP Franchising, BP gas cards, Gas and power, Industrial Lubricants, Invoice tracking system, Marine enkindle and lubricants, and solar. . BP and the environmentOne of the biggest challenges that the company faced by the turn of the century was increasing criticism from many parts of the world on the track it was responding to the changes that were taking place in the environment. It was a challenge that the company had to take initiatives in since it was a threat to its line business. (Thompson, 2001)The company was faced with an ethical dilemma of continuing with its business amid the outcry from the public on the effect of fossil fuel on the environment. Its direct line of business was being affected and it had to do somethin g. Since the company also understood the effects of the fossil fuels on the environment, there were not many alternatives to the problem and therefore the best way to deal with the problem was to do something about it. It had to stay in business condescension the effects it was making on the environment.In light of the deontological ethical theory that dictates that obligatory or the duty that we have, the company had to come up with a way of dealing with the problem. Following the postulation of the theory, the line of business of the company was legal and justified in driving the economic system of the world. But at the identical time it the consequences of het action were right and wrong at the same time. They were right in the sense that we all depend on fossil fuel as a source of energy and wrong in the sense that they are polluting the environment. The more the company tried to apply these ethical theories, the more Byzantine the matter became and the more the dilemma.Envir onment and societyIn order to address the changes that were taking place in the environment and to play a role in the society, the company started environment and society program. Although the program started on a small scale it has expanded in the recent

Bunn-O-Matic Coffee Maker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bunn-O-Matic Coffee Maker - Research Paper ExampleUpon discussing the immenseness of marketing concept over the profitability of Bunn-O-Matic, this essay will focus on identifying the companys target market for Bunn-O-Matic Coffee Maker by conducting market segmentation. Eventually, the rationale behind the target marketing strategy used by Bunn-O-Matic will be thoroughly explained.Increasing the companys gross sales and profitability is the main goal of Bunn-O-Matic. Given that each individual have their own specific needs and wants, the study of marketing should be focused on allowing the company to address these concerns. Some proceedss could satisfy the specific need of consumers. Included in the study of marketing mix or the 4 Ps known as price, product, promotion (marketing communication), and place (distribution) the product preferences of Bunn-O-Matics target consumer can be guided by marketing variables such as the product value, cost, customer(s) satisfaction, and market distribution (Kotler & Armstrong, 1997, p. 52 McCarthy & Perreault, 1993, p. 46).The study of marketing is a very broad subject that aims to improve the companys financial performance not only through selling and advertisements but also in finding ways to develop and establish a good relationship with the target customers. Therefore, it is vilify to believe that the study of marketing is focused only on selling and advertising.It is easier for Bunn-O-Matic to identify its target market by dividing the consumers into subgroups (Roger, 2005, p. 15). For Bunn-O-Matic coffee makers, dividing the consumers into subgroups is possible by development specific market segment of consumer characteristics related to demographic, psychographic, and geographic factors (Kotler, 2000, p. 8, 263).Demographic segmentation examines a wide-range of variables including age, size of family, family life cycle, gender, income, occupation, educational attainment, religion, race, generation, nationality, and social class of

Family Law issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Family Law issues - Essay ExampleIt is important to get into matrimonial tout ensembleiance with a life time strategy. Trial and phantasm methods cannot work because there are certain issues that simply do not work on trial and error strategy. Selflessness and sacrifices do not go hand in hand with trial and error strategies. Rather they work exclusively in relationships where the partners are quite clear that marriage is a do-or-die affair, where one swim or sink together. In simple terms, you are either in the circle or out of it. One either learns to command and lead from the front or tail away at the rear in meek, down in the mouth surrender to the leaders beck and call.The first few steps and promises at the altar at the time of marriage are only symbolic. They only expound the binding gene that what God has put together, nobody puts asunder Once this sanctity is broken or tampered with, it breaks a natural order at a very senior high school cost to the couple and other inn ocent lives leaving them to bear the disastrous consequences for no fault of theirs.Teresas matrimonial history is the regular mix of trial and error and these are best handled at the initial stage. It is commonly acknowledged that nobody is perfect, and by and large, few will readily admit their faults and shortcomings at the start of a relationship. The proverbial stitch in time saves nine applies to long term relationships like marriage. Teresa accepted Georges lies about his aristocratic ancestry without discretion. She get hitched with him in the apply that there was a windfall headed her way through him. She was also fortunate enough to live through almost a decade of blissful married life when she gave birth to two sons, William and Liam. Nonetheless, now Teresa is going through testing times due to Georges changed manner and perceived lack of interest in their family affairs. The riddle is compounded due to his alcoholism, abusive behavior which is degenerating to violen ce. The last straw in her tolerance level is breached when he discloses his intention to change his name and sex. In all probability, George has developed with homosexual symptoms and is in a gay relationship. (Gender recognition)2. The OptionsLeft with no reasonable option, Teresa is considering divorce and annulment of her marriage to George. She is also considering protection from Georges abusive behavior and possibility of physical attacks in future. Prima facie, Teresa has good case for divorce. However, in the absence of solid proof she is not in a position to induce licit action. She has to make sure that she has all the facts in place so that if and when she does file for divorce, the proceedings are in her favor. She also wants to know if George could be make to leave the house. Obviously, she is keen on holding on to their house for herself and her children. Legal procedures are complicated and require expert legal advisors to handle the case. The application of legal te rms and procedures differ from case to case. For instance, once the case is filed

Storm King Mountain Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Storm King Mountain Case - Essay exerciseged use of aggressive tactics, and were categorized as watch out situations, the firefighters continued to take the bold step of building fire line downhill upon receiving tick from their leader, Mackey, that the area was good enough with less vegetation, and not much risk from existing fire. The crew members relied completely on Mackeys judgment as they sure in his abilities more than their conviction of adhering to the guidelines.Attributable to their can-do attitude, the firefighters ignored most of the rules because their ultimate aim was to stop fire from spreading. They did not regard these guidelines as procedures to be used in firefighting rather, they relied more on their critical judgment based on experience and situational constraints.Hackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model (JCM) explains employee behavior based on four motivational aspects namely, job characteristics, critical mental states, personal and work outcomes and growth-need strength. The JCM framework helps in understanding managerial functions as well as the psychological processes associated with work that are associated with employee behavior and outcome of employee actions. This model emphasizes the role of job design that ultimately leads to experienced meaningfulness of work, experienced responsibility for the outcomes, and knowledge of the results of work activities (Debnath, Tandon & Pointer, 2007).A team leader can determine what skills would be best to perform a specific job and deploy staff accordingly. In addition, the task to be performed needs to be identified in advance besides having complete understanding of how the task or job impacts the employees and/or other stake holders. acknowledgement of skills and tasks to be accomplished will also help the leader assess the extent to which the staff may be empowered to take their own decisions. mend autonomy is an effective way to motivate staff, the level of autonomy requires a

Military Personnal Experience Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Military Personnal Experience Paper - Essay ExampleHumanitarian Efforts in crewman 2007 Mission Development At the request of the Panamanian presidency finished the U.S. Embassy in Panama, the 961st Engineering Battalion was deployed to the country as the part of the forces with the intention of helping the Panamanian residents whose schools, churches, hospitals and other vital installations needed repair and criminal maintenance work. Upon receiving this request, our team immediately set out to make recommendations for the commander in charge of the mission in reference to how the 961st could help make a expiration during this mission. Our recommendations resulted in the following proof of concept missions The mission is to happen in 3 fleshs. The first phase is the designning stage which was to be completed at least 8 months before deployment and will require the operations engineers to survey the work areas and the equipment that shall be needed in order to complete the wor k. The second phase of the mission is the deployment itself wherein the 961st would help coordinate all the units, missions, and security for soldiers assigned to this mission. The final phase of the mission will require the same battalion to return to Panama one year later in order to survey the work done in the previous year and do any repairs required to hold on the integrity of the work provided. Mission Implementation Once the mission development and analysis was finalized and approved by the commanding officer, I was chosen to hand plonk my team amongst the Army Reservists listed in the reserve program because of my leadership abilities and skills relevant to program policy and operations, plans and reserve component integration. I was directed to immediately plan the transfer of these officers from their office bases to our newly established company for the humanitarian mission. I accomplished this task by providing the personnel section with the mission requirements and t ransfer excuse documents which resulted in the mobilization station in Fort Lee, Virginia, allowing these reservists to have a temporary change of station order assigned to them. Upon their arrival at the 961st home base, those with the relevant engineering backgrounds were immediately deployed to Panama for the completion of phase one. Phase I Damage and Repair Assessment Phase I was one of the engineers on the advanced party team that went to Panama. While there, I collaborated with other team members regarding the painstaking plans for repair of the damaged schools, churches and hospitals. We came to realize that this was not going to be an flaccid task to accomplish but with a proper team work and cooperation from our immediate officers we could make a change in these peoples lives that they would neer forget. Phase II Mission Deployment By providing the Panamanian government with the necessary plans and concerns for the development and repair of their various infrastructures they were able to make proper representations with the U.S. Government through the U.S. Embassy in reference to the necessary materials and budgets in order to make the humanitarian effort a reality. The engineers of the 961st were immediately deployed to Panama the minute the mission deployment papers were in the long run

Dynamic Function Relationships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dynamic Function Relationships - Research Paper ExampleThe study correlated the mechanical strength as measured by F-max with the thermic stability as measured by Tm, Cm, etc. Introduction Atomic surprise microscopy, the optical tweezers, alongside other nanotechnology tools has made it possible to induce and proctor large conformational changes in biomolecules. These studies are often performed in helping asses the biomolecules structure, their elastic properties, as well as their ability to work as nanomachines in cells. stretchability studies on protein have increasingly become of particular interest and they have been done in systems more(prenominal) than a hundred. All-atom simulation, such as those reported in refs, has helped the interpretation of such experiments possible. However, they have been limited by order 100 ns time scales. They, thus, need the use of large constant pulling speeds, which are kind of unrealistic and elucidate the nature of a force clamp (region th at is responsible for the force of pulling, which is the largest) Fmax. It is worthwhile noting that virtually all the all-atom, and experimental simulational studies merely address a small fraction of the proteins that are often stored within the Protein Data Bank (PDB). It is, thus, worth considering a large set of proteins in order to determine their largest force of resistance to pulling in any mystify that allows fast and accurate calculations. In this task, the structure-based model of proteins pioneered by collaborators of Go and applicable is implemented in many an(prenominal) projects, seem to be most suitable. This is because the proteins are well defined in respect to the native structure. There are various ways of constructing a structure-based model of proteins. However, their variances differ in the choice of their effective potential, the nature of their local backbone stiffness, course-grained degrees of freedom, and the energy related parameters. The crucial choic e concerns making a decision most the interaction between the Count of amino acids as native contacts. Research has shown that organism often try to adapt their proteins in order to function more effectively within their range of environmental temperature. This implies that proteins, in general, have a certain limited temperature range in which the structural range is maintained. Anything that lies outside this proper(postnominal) thermal span causes denaturalization to occur with the corresponding function loss, such as the enzyme activity. Changing the intrinsic thermal stability of proteins can be achieved through revolution of the amino acids or otherwise extrinsically through addition of the suitable stabilizing effectors such as coenzymes, peptides, cations, and membranes. This paper deals with the mechanical strength of proteins and their thermal stability with a focus on making comparison between the two. In order to appropriately make comparison between the mechanical st rength of proteins and their thermal stability, there was need to correlation Cm, Tm, and normalized B-factor and F-max. In this regard, a mode of experiment B-factors from the PDB database, the experimental lists of protein resilience, single molecule pulling, and protein motion by ANM were used in this study. Materials and Methods The design manner to be applied in this study would be a quantitative research design. In social sciences, quantitative research is used to refer to magisterial investigation of a phenomenon through a computation technique. The aim of the quantitative

Benefits and Effectiveness of Accounting Essay Example for Free

Benefits and Effectiveness of Accounting EssayThe research was based on twain variables these are computerized chronicle establishments which comprise of definitions, components of computerized depicting software package and take ins and limitation of computerized transcription and financial reporting which also comprises of definitions of financial reports, benefits and beliefiveness of story system drill at National Water and Sewerage Corporation. The study get out enable management to understand the signifi washstandce of preparing quality and reliable financial reports. The study provide point out weakness in the accounting system which management deals to address. The Government of Malaysia through the Department of Accountant General (MDAG) has instructed mara to go across the Standard Accounting System for Government Agencies (SAGA). This is a total Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, developed based on web-based application and is using an accrual ba sis of accounting. The SAGA financial system enables its users, particularly the government agencies to close their accounts on a daily basis, monitor their daily financial activities as well as produce standardized financial reports to the stakeholders at any place and any time.However, upon completion of the SAGA financial system analysis, MARA identifies that the system could not cater either MARA championship activities. Processes such as disbursement of scholarship and loans to students and entrepreneurs are not covered by the system. As such, MARA still has to maintain its animate databases and therefore made special request to the MDAG to exclude the implementation of SAGA while awaiting MARA ICT consultants recommendations on the development of a new MARA Total Information and Financial System.As a conclusion, the SAGA financial systems could not be used by MARA on its own. The end-users in MARA need to operate both, SAGA and its own systems at the same time. This situati on could lead to users confusion if they are to use different character reference of system when updating certain type of financial transaction. This is because the end-user of MARA Computerized Accounting System could just now utilized the SAGA Financial System just for ordinary operating expenditures whilst any disbursement of expenditure pertaining to adjunct system, they still need to use the existing MARA Financial Systems. Consequently, internal controls and security functions may not be easily built in the systems. synchronous use of both systems may affect job satisfaction and work outance of the end-users.Introducing Computerized Accounting Information Systems in a Developing Nation Egyptian outside(a) MotorsThis study aims to assess the implementation of accounting nurture system on a company in a developing nation. To answer this question this disseminated sclerosis attempts to do the following (1) identify the reasons for the shift to an automated system and the main goals that the company aim to achieve form this shift, (2) determine the companys strategic decisions like choices between outsourcing versus in-house development, and ready made packages versus tailor made software, (3) describe the steps of implementation, (4) understand the reaction of the employees to the new automated system, (5) study the required changes on the organizational chart and human resources qualifications that are required, (6) recognize the problems that the company met during the process, (6) point the advantages of the shift to the automated system.A computerized accounting System provides numerous advantages over manual(a)(a) systems, for example entries do not have to be recorded in multiple ledgers so as to fulfill the cardinal rules of financial reporting.A single first appearance is made and the system will populate all the appropriate corresponding accounts automatically. Computerized accounting also makes it mathematical for people in former(a) departments,not just accounting to enter data.It does not require avast amount of accounting knowledge for a payroll clerk to enter wages details into the accounts,a basic understanding of how to use the system is sufficientThe study intends to find out the effect of a computerized accounting system on the quality of financial reports generated by an organization. To examine the effect of computerize accounting systems quality financial reporting.To determine the challenges encountere by organizations before and after implementing a computerized accounting system. To identify strategies/measures of ensuring quality financial reporting.An accounting system is part of the organisations management information system therefore a good or decent accounting system moldiness be able to produce reports like trial balance, aged debtors and aged creditors. Accounting systems must provide data that should enable the production of management accounts, statutory accounts and must also assist the managers and accountants in discharging their stewardship roles.Production Of AccountsA good system should enable the firm to produce its management reports and management accounts at short notice. This will enable the organisation to monitor performance, to take decisions quickly and to make decision based on objective and verifiable information.Audit TrailAudit reside is very important as it will enable auditors and senior managers to monitor transactions entered in the accounting system and this will ensure that there is information integrity. A good system should document the changes that have been made in the system, who made the changes and it should also be able to track what was changed.Compatibility With Other ProgrammesA steady characteristic of a good accounting system is that it must be compatible with other systems. For example, it should easily be configurable so that it can communicate with other programmes like Excel or Crystal. An accounting system should be able to export transactions and reports into Excel and it should kick data and transactions to be import from an external source. This will lead to time savings as there will be no need to duplicate a role or process.Error DetectionIf an accounting system does not dictate errors then it is not a good accounting package as it is failing to perform a basic functionality. An accounting package should decline to post transactions that do not balance for example the total debits should equal the total attribute and if this is not the case, then the accounting system should automatically flag this error.Internal ControlsInternal controls are the eyes and ears of the organisation and a good accounting system should embed these internal controls into the system. Internal controls enable prevention and detection of fraud and error. An accounting system should enable internal control tools like segregation of duties, reconciliations and account allocations. A good accounting system should not al low users to delete data that has been posted into the system.Manual Vs Computerized AccountingComputerized accounting systems provide more benefits than manual ones, allowing for more accurate calculations, in less time. Compared to manual accounting, with a computerized system errors are far less common, eliminating human error. And with accounting programs that are industry-specific, you can benefit from various preset templates for your general ledger, saving more time. You can store virtually endless information, without any trouble at all. And if you later want to freshen financial information from several years ago, with a computerized accounting system you can do it easily, while with a manual one you would have to var. through stacks of paper ledgers.Bottom line, both systems may be useful to some extent. But for more accurate bookkeeping and increased efficiency, a computerized accounting system seems to have more advantages. You can find several free versions online, as well as more proficient accounting software available for purchase. Search online for such accounting systems, read about their features and decide which one would be better for your particular business needs. Although they will not allow you to physically handle the ledgers, it will provide a better accounting solution.The advantages of Computerized Accounting seem to be unknown by business owners and individuals who are in doubt of purchasing Accounting Software. Accounting Software has been a trend nowadays. With the vast Computerized System Providers and wide range of versions to choose from, Accounting System has evolved to be one of the trends in information technology. Computerized Systems are designed to create more value in Financial Accounting. Value can be relayed in ground of speed, accuracy and reliability of accounting data. With Computerized System, invoices can be transmitted in an instant through email inventories are appropriately monitored and disbursements are tracked for payments to be done before due dates. It helps Bookkeepers to reduce manual activities.When transactions are entered in the Accounting System, automatic entries are posted to generate data essential for financial reporting. Accounting Software enables Bookkeepers and Accountants to adjust necessary accounts to reflect the correct amount of each Account. Computerized Accounting allows Accountants to trace erroneous data and entry in a creative and organized manner through the help of summaries, list of accounts and original entries.Article Source http//EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jason_Tsang Article Source http//EzineArticles.com/7017983Computers are extensively used in accounting and there are multitude of computer software for Accounting, MIS, CRM. HiTech Financial Accounting is one such software which has been customized for users in many segments in business and services. Payroll accounting was the first commercial area to become widely computerized. The calculation of wages or salaries involves a number of variables which advert to the personal details of each employee, such as gross pay or rate for the job, individual deductions, tax liabilities of the employees and so on. These facts can be contain in the computers and processed every month of produce pay slips for the employees. The computer helps to exercise the type of stock control needed by the organization. It up to dates the gross sales and purchases records, determines optimum re-order levels for different items and prints out the stock lists when desired. The system can be so designed that it triggers orders when stock level reaches order point for various tangible items tests those item which are slow moving or gives list for over stock items.Programming can be done for any sales accounting system. The computer will pin point defaulting debtors, determine the right limit for credit for each debtor and maintain stores ledger. Costing and budgetary control can be affected through t he computer, the computer will point out the variations from the planned performance.The computer also helps greatly in production planning and control. It is possible that scheduling of the work may become necessary due to break downs etc. A new particular path may have to be worked out. A critical path is the shortest path to be followed in production to achieve production objectives. The computer helps the management lay down this new critical path.The increasing competition and the highly demands of globalization, Malaysia government attempt for Small Medium Enterprise, SME for the development of innovative, competitive with high technology. Computerized accounting system (CAS) adoption may be decisive factor for an organization to be success and also to survive. This research project which aimed to investigate SME practice of CAS and to identify the factor affecting the adoption among SMEs in Melaka.A survey was carried out through a set of questionnaires to examine the CEO In novativeness Factors Scale, Perceive Usefulness Factors Scale, Perceive Ease of Use Factors Scale and vocation Competitiveness. The sample selected comprised of CEOs of SMEs in three districts in Melaka, namely Melaka Tengah, Alor Gajah and Jasin. The data gathered were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression analysis, Pearson Correlation analysis and analytic thinking of Variance (ANOVA).This study reveals that CAS adoption rate in SMEs in Melaka is high. Results from the analysis also shown the significant of independent variables and proved the relationships have been substantiated to the dependent variable which house to the usage of CAS adoption between SMEs in Melaka.The findings indicate that CEO innovativeness perceive ease of use and business competitiveness negatively correlated to the adoption of CAS. Results reveals that only perceive usefulness are significantly positive correlated to CAS adoption. Therefore it can be deduced that adoption of CAS among SMEs in Melaka is caused by its usefulness. The findings reveal that types of business and business location influence the adoption of CAS. However, size (paid up capital, sales turnover and number of employee) do not influence the adopter. Results also indicate that CEO literacy on ICT, accounting and CAS has influence the responded CEO to adopt CAS in their business. However, the advantages by using the accounting systems software were not fully utilized by CAS adopters. http//www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/ denomination/view/18273

Hypothesis Testing Paper Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis Testing Paper EssayWe be apprehending the influence of psychosocial stress on the course of bipolar unhealthiness existence increasingly recognized. Child disappointment is not just a topic that is discussed, but is a topic that is real in the society in which we live. Child adversity can hit close to home. A boor experiences this by being in a state or instance of right or continued difficulty (Merriam-Webster, 2014). Situations of these types are terrible to see and can affect the child, but just not as children. These types of situations could include verbal, physical, or inner abuse, neglect, parental death, bullying, or even poverty. The effects of these types of situations can carry on into an individuals adulthood as well as concerning his/her physical and work forcetal well-being. See what we are looking into is not just child adversity, but another topic as well.The question being asked is, Does advance(prenominal) child adversity make bipolar unhin ge more likely? Individuals have their own views and opinions on this topic and question. In this guessing riseing, a description of the inquiry issue and a theory state handst, regarding the enquiry supposition and the null hypothesis will be addressed. For the accuracy of the research issue, the population will have to be determined and the sampling mode to help in generating the take. The data will be described as to how it was collected, the level ofmeasurement, and the statistical technique used in helping of the task of analyzing the data. alone these steps will help in the explanation of the run acrossings.EARLY CHILD ADVERSITY AND THE BIPOLAR DISORDERIn understanding the meaning of child adversity, we exigency to look at the meaning of the term, bipolar disorder. Here we arent just way on child adversity we are focusing on both to see if the child adversity emphasizes bipolar disorder more likely. According to U.S. National Library of Medicine (2014), Bipolar disor der is a condition in which a person has periods of depression and periods of being fundamentally happy or being cross or irritable In addition to these mood swings, the person has extreme changes in activity and energy (Bipolar Disorder). Symptoms of bipolar disorder can be severe and can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012).Bipolar disorder affects both men and women, usually occurring surrounded by the ages of 15-25. The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. However, there are factors involved that cause or trigger the occurrences. As we are researching, we are finding environment plays a role. According to Mayo Clinic (2014), An individuals stress, abuse, solid loss, or other traumatic experiences can contribute to this disorder (Causes). All these factors and experiences listed can take place in a childs life, whether we want to admit it or not. Most of the time, more often than we would care to talk about. This connection gives us a starting point in developing our hypothesis.With a research issue, it is inbred a hypothesis be formulated. Hypothesis is a prediction often based on informal observation, previous research, or theory that is testing in a research study (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 108). In a research study, the testing is referred to as a hypothesis procedure. We must first state a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis. Research hypothesis is a statement in a hypothesis testing procedure about the predicted relation between populations. Null hypothesis is a statement about a relation between populations that is the opposite of the research hypothesis (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 108). The nullhypothesis is often say to be the opposite of what is being predicted. For this study, the research hypothesis is, Early child adversity makes bipolar disorder more likely. The null hypothesis is, Early child adversity does not make bipolar disorder more likely.In any hypothesis testing procedure, there is great emphasis in find the population and the sampling method the researcher is using to generate the sample, The population is the entire group of people to which the researcher intends the results of a study to apply. The sample is the scads of a particular group of people studied (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 84). For this research issue, the population would include participants consisting of 58 adults, including 29 males and 29 females. These individuals have a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. According to National Institute of Mental Health (2012), Bipolar I disorder is defined by manic and mixed episodes that last at least seven days.Usually depressive episodes occur as well, lasting at least two weeks (How is Bipolar Diagnosed?). The sampling method used to generate the sample would be classified as nonrandom samples. With this sample method, the probability selection cannot be accurately determined. In using the n onrandom sampling method, we are focusing on the type judgmental/purposive sampling. These individuals of 58 are being chosen with a specific purpose in mind. These individuals are fit for the research compared to other individuals (Concepts and Definitions, n.d.). This sampling method makes perfect since we are attempting to research if child adversity is a contributing factor to bipolar disorder.THE DATARegarding the 58 adults of men and women, the data would be collected and evaluated every three months, all the way up to a year. This information would be collected by structured interviews discussing trying life events pertaining to and dealing with early child adversity. In analyzing the data, the best statistical technique to use would be the t test for independent means. T test for independent means is a hypothesis testing procedure in which there are two separate groups of people tested (Aron, Aron, Coups,2013, p. 84). Involved in this research issue is two separate groups of people with 29 male participants and 29 female participants. We are testing both of the same number, because we want to find out the conclusion as a whole about the people.Also, we tested equal amounts of both men and women, because they both are equally likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder (WebMD, 2014). The data would be analyzed using the five steps of the t test for independent means. Step one consists of stating the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis. Step two consists of determining the characteristics of the comparison distribution. Step three is determining the cutoff sample score on the comparison distribution at which the null hypothesis should be fended. Step four is determining the samples score on the comparison distribution. And last, step five is deciding to reject the null hypothesis by comparing steps three and four (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 84). In following these steps to analyze the data, we can account for to either accept or reject the null hypothesis on early child adversity not making bipolar disorder more likely.CONCLUSIONAfter going into position of the research issue, formulating the hypothesis statement, determining the population, deciding and describing the sampling method, the task of collecting the data, the level of measurement, and the statistical technique for analyzing the data, now is the big intense moment. The results exhibited that the interaction of early child adversity severity and those stressful life events involved predicted an occurrence in a manner consistent with the research hypothesis for both the men and the women. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis. There were some limitations to this research issue and the hypothesis testing procedure. The sample size and the number of past episodes were determined retrospectively, mainly done self-report.But, another thought to keep in mind is the individuals who experienced early child adversity had a significantly younger age of bipolar o nset. Concerning this conclusion, it would be of great importance for the suggestion for further studies of stress mechanisms in bipolar disorder and of treatments designed to intervene early among those at risk. I would propose when and if the conditions of bipolar disorder areidentified, an effective treatment plan needs to be implemented. This approach would be of great benefit for the patients health, wellbeing, and longevity. Studies speak for themselves regarding childhood adversity being prevalent and having pervasive and long term impacts on mental and physical health.ReferencesAron, A., Aron, E., Coups, E. (2013). Statistics for Psychology (6th ed.). Retrieved from TheUniversity of Phoenix eBook Collection database.Concepts and Definitions. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.ubos.org/Compendium2012/NonRandomSamplingDesign.htmlMayo Clinic. (2014). _Bipolar Disorder Causes_. Retrieved fromhttp//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/basics/causes/con-20027544Me rriam-Webster. (2014). _Adversity_. Retrieved fromhttp//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adversityNational Institute of Mental Health. (2012). _Bipolar Disorder in Adults_. Retrieved fromhttp//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-adults/index.shtmlU.S. National Library of Medicine. (2014). _Bipolar Disorder_. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001924/

Moon Landing Exploratory Essay Essay Example for Free

Moon Landing Exploratory Essay EssayThe space race, during the Cold War, all started with the launch of the prototypal artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Although this shiny piece of metal ball sent meaningless beep-beep signals back to earth, it had a profound effect on the thinking of citizens and government roughly the globe, especially on the United States. As tensions and pressures were building, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in 1958, to bring competing military space programs into one effort.Soon, they developed the quaverets, strengthened the space capsules and satellites, and hired astronauts to become space men. In addition, the United States government realized there was a new frontier to be explored the bootleg. As a result, putting a man on the moon became an official governmental priority and the Apollo moon-landing program was established. In 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to walk on t he moon.Controversies about the moon landing began shortly after when Bill Kaysing, a moon hoax investigator, published We never went to the Moon Americas xxx Billion Swindle in 1974. In addition, an organization called the Flat Earth Society, was the first to accuse NASA of faking the moon landing. Soon after, more and more people, like scientists, professors or amateurs became concerned and wanted the find out the answer if the moon landing of 1969 was a hoax or a real event.There are quint general claims regarding the falsity of the lunar success, each having their own significant proponents and evidences. However, the source of all conspiracies derives from Bill Kaysing. In John Moffets FOX documentary conclave Theory Did we Land on the Moon? , Bill Kaysing shows strong beliefs that the moon landing was not real due to the following reasons despite the clarity of compact space, the starts were missing from dark lunar skies, the American flag was waving even though there was no ir on the moon, and there was no dissipate crater beneath the lunar lander (Moffet). In addition, in Phillip C. Plaits book, Bad Astronomy Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing Hoax, many other crew theorists argue that the incredibly high temperature of the Moon should have killed the astronauts and the play of light and shadows in the surface indicates that the photos are faked (Plait 157).These theories all state that the entire world was deceived by the NASA administration and probable the United States government for them to gain the pride and prestige between the lunar landing events. Regardless of the conspiracy theories and the evidences, 94% of the United States world believes the moon landing was a real event, according to Frank Newports article, Landing a Man on the Moon The Publics View. In Tony Phillips article, The Great Moon Hoax, theories are debunked with explanations.He first explains why the pictures taken from the moon did not have stars. He states its difficult to capture something rattling bright and something else very dim on the same piece of film-typical emulsions as they dont have enough dynamic setting (Phillips). Then he explains why the flags waved despite vacuumed area Not every waving flag needs a breeze-at least not in space. When astronauts were planting the flagpole they rotate it back and forth to better penetrate the lunar soil (Philips).The article excessively provides new evidence against the conspiracy theory the moon rock, Big Muley. In moon rocks, there are isotopes that cannot be found on Earth. Even if scientists wanted to make something like a Moon rock by, say, bombarding an Earth rock with high energy atomic nuclei, they couldnt (Phillips). In addition, Phillip C. Plait agrees with Tony Phillips and comes to the same conclusions. For example he states there are no stars in the picture because, The stars are alike faint to be seen in the images (Plait 159).However, unlike Tony Phillips, Plait explains the scientific reasons in depth. He claims astronauts have survived the incredibly high temperature of the Moon due to simple discover counting. He explains, Moon spins on its axis once every 27 days which means two weeks of sunlight and two weeks of darkness the surface doesnt heat up the instant the sunlight touches itIt takes days for the lunar surface to get to its high temperature (Plait 166). The author of the paper believes the moon landing of 1969 really happened. The principal(prenominal) reasons coming to this conclusion s that the lies could not be told by such huge amount of people and the theories can be all explained and understood with a little studying on physics and astronomy. If this were a hoax, more than a handful of people would have spoken up the secret. The author of this paper also believes that the photos and the films from NASA are real evidences, but have been misinterpreted due to the lack of knowledge on astronomy and p hysics. This topic still remains to be debated over because the moon landing was one of the magnificent scientific developments in world history.

Democratic deficit in IMF

Democratic deficit in IMFDemocratic deficit in IMFIntroduction world(prenominal) M unmatchabletary Fund(IMF) is one of the two organisations manakined after the Bretton woods conference in 1944. the otherwise one is the World Bank. It has to be noned in the early that though this article deals with IMF and how the democratic deficit in it affects the poorest of the countries in the world, the IMF works in tandem with the world rim and other foreign financial institutions.The creation principle of IMF is rooted deep in the Great Depression of 1930s. During the depression the industrialised countries of the world plummeted themselves by engaging in raising trade barriers, degraded their currencies for competing in the merchandise market and even restricted their citizens from holding wholly foreign exchange all of these mea surelys resulted in further loss of trade and workout making millions jobless and poor. One of the major reasons for establishing an institution like I MF was to oversee exchange govern constancy and worldwide payments ensuring smooth performance of the complex international monetary system. IMF along with World Bank(WB)was formed in 1945 in the wake of the pressing motif for the post war reconstruction and assuring monetary stability in the world economy especially European economy. Though it officially came into existence in December 27, when 29 countries ratified its charter or Articles of engagement in 1945, it started its operations scarcely on March 1, 1947. During the cold war years the atomship in IMF was limited due to the pressure of Soviet yoke on saucily independent countries.End of the fixed standardAs pointed earlier the IMF oversaw the fixed exchange rate system where any currency is pegged at US dollars which layabout be converted in to Gold. The increasing spending on the war in Vietnam adding to the increasing expenditure on Great hostelry Programs initiated by US president Lyndon Johnson worsened the already overvalued US dollar. This system was started to be abandoned slowly between 1968 and 1973. The major point came when US President Nixon announced the de-linking of US dollar from gold. hardly the transition to free floating exchange rate system, where every member of IMF was free to peg its currency against any currency or group of currencies, was smoothly done. The period excessively posited another challenge in the form of unprecedented rise of oil prices, culminating in what is called oil shocks. It responded to the situation by setting up two oil facilities to help oil importers deal with afoot(predicate) account deficit and inflation( Nayyar 2006).The IMFs engagement with the poor countries starts from the middle 70s when it stated funding these countries through its Trust Fund. The IMF with the end of the cold war and stoopd by The jettisoning of the Keynesian demand way policies after their initial conquest and success of the liberalisation policies initiate d by the Richard Nixon in US and Marg art Thatcher in UK along with the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc bolstered a new era symbolically correspond by IMF and World Bank called Neo-Liberalism where both(prenominal) IMF and WB was used to force the erstwhile socialist and mixed economic countries to open their markets to foreign investors and change their financial system, the effects of which were highly destabilizing. While the East Asian economies initially showed high growth rates the very(prenominal) programs resulted in devastations across Sub Saharan Africa. The vehemently critiqued Structural Adjustment Facility which was later changed into Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility was initiated in March 1986.The Financial Functions of IMFAny understanding of the mathematical operation of IMF should also differentiate between IMF and World Bank. The IMF, unlike Bank is not primarily a lending institution like World Bank. The WB also is a complex organisation . It is actually two organisation International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) and International Development Association(IDA).WB is an investment bank. The World Bank functions by payoff bonds the repayment of which is guaranteed by its member countries. That is WB lends money to development works through market borrowing. The IDA, on the other hand is a concessional loan harmonize which is mainly financed by donor nations. The IMF in contrast intermediate between investors and recipients. It demands membership fee from its members which is accrued in to a general pool. Each member contributes to this pool according to its economic size and dexterity, providing each member a respective quota which also translate into their voting sh be in a skewed manner. Its operations are to a major part are financed through this common pool.What does IMF exactly do? The IMFs post is highlighted when any member nation travel into a balance of payment debacle. a country must c onstruct both its exports and imports at almost equal levels. After the floating exchange rate system was adopted, every nation is left free to peg its currency against any or any group of currencies. But it also develops a fuss over a period of clock time. The value of the currency tend to get overvalued. Thus a currency might be pegged at four units to one dollar. After a period of time due to trade fluctuations, the currencys actual value might have reached six units to one dollar. What effects does this over paygrade have? At this time the currencys higher value helps in reducing import expenditure whereas at the same time the currencys higher value makes it costlier and reduces export revenue. Thus economy receives less income but spends much. This plummets the economy into a balance of payment crisis. This is where IMF enters into the scene. The IMF cosmos the only international organisation with the support of the dominant economies and with expertise advises and direct s nations to escape from such balance of payment crisis. IMF provides short term and medium term loans to tide over the debacle for the time being. But IMF also has forge over the decision making in World Bank and other financial institutions. The loans are not without fetters however. The loans are accompanied by a serial publication of conditions generally termed as conditionalities .Thus the major functions of the IMF can be broadly classified as follows1) to promote exchange rate stability to maintain international trade stability2) by providing short term and medium term financial assistance to members facing shortage of foreign currency.3) It also plays an advisory role on macro-economic policy issues so that the economic policies of member countries do not adversely affect the balance of payment situation.4) it also assist member nations in expanding their markets where they can exchange currencies without restriction. ( Sharma, 2002 90).Democratic deficitWhat is meant by ma jority rule in the case of international organizations like IMF? It is well k at presentn that the IMF was originally not conceived to be an organisation to help the third world countries or less developed erstwhile colonies. Its chief aim, along with World Bank was to ensure reconstruction of the capitalist economies in the war ravaged European nations. The agenda of lending and interfering in developing countries was initiated in the course of the cold war attempting to lure newly independent countries away from the socialist bloc dominated by Soviet Union. No surprise that still the organisation of the chief decision making bodies within the Bretton woods institution reflect the political equations existing at the time of the second world war completely tuned to the interest of the Developed countries. When IMF and Bank was formed, take out for United States, members were expected to be both contributors and borrowers. The decisions in the Executive carte du jour is reached th rough voting, if not reached by consensus. Each country holds a share of voting with regard to their contribution to the world economy. The united states the with the largest voting power holds 17.09 % of shares. Almost 63% of shares is held by just 12 member countries including US out of 186 members of the IMF. The same condition prevails in the world bank also. The 24-country African group in contrast carries only 1.42% of total voting share power making their influence practically nil in the agenda setting and decision making processes and policies. This problem arises because, there are only 8 member countries enjoying their own induct on the board. The remaining 16 are divided between the remaining 179 countries. This skewed system renders other member countries to group unitedly to augment their collective bargaining or voting share represented by an Executive film director. This reflects in the policies of the IMF and its results. However, the democratic deficit is not t he cause of the problems associated with the IMF. Rather, the very democratic body structure of both the IMF and Bank are themselves symptoms of a much structural problem, the present world order based on the capitalist model of production and its preponderating ideology neo-liberalism. Unequal representationConstituenciesThe groupings of the member countries have created what has come to be called Constituency system.. all the members other than eight of them who have their own seats group together to form constituencies to elect a conductor for their constituency to represent them. These constituencies are not static groupings. The size of the constituencies i.e. the memberships both qualitatively and quantitatively change depending on mingled factors, especially economic factors. This happens because every country except for some are on the lookout to increase their leverage vis-a vis other constituencies and within their constituency to apportion a bigger share out of the coll ective bargaining. But, in some cases, member countries also shift constituencies due to ideological considerations. For example, Indonesia joined the constituency headed by Italy in mid-fifties and later moved to a constituency of Islamic countries of North Africa and Malaysia. Later, Indonesia formed a constituency on geographical basis, consisting of Korea, Philippines and Vietnam. One of the major reasons why members change constituencies has been to hold a more influential or senior position within the constituency. For example, earlier, Spain was within the constituency headed by Italy along with Poland and Greece. Later in 1978, Spain joined a central American constituency including Mexico and Venezuela assuming the post of Executive Director (Wood, 2006483). The representation as shown above is based on the economic might of the members. The 24 member African constituency headed by Equatorial Guinea and the 19 member African constituency headed by Nigeria ahold only 1.42% an d 3.01% respectively. But paradoxically these are the countries which are directly and severely affected by the policies of the IMF and World Bank. It has to be reminded that it is the masses , peasants, working classes of these countries who toil hard to repay their countrys debits. But they have almost no say on whatever the decisions that ditch and affect on their lives. It is a process of taxation without representation.But the IMF and Bank were not planned to be as undemocratic as they are now in their origin. The Bretton wood Institutions also provide 250 basic votes to every member of the organisation. This was actually introduced to ensure a minimum sense of equal representation and mean(a) play among members. The basic vote system atleast ensured a minimum of equal stake along with the share on the basis of contribution. The quota votes are added to basic votes to form the total vote. But the basic votes which formed 14% of the total votes in 1955 has now come down to ar ound 3 percent in both IMF and World Bank.Selection of the headThe selection of the head of the IMf is the most glaring evidence of unequal representation and hegemony of the dominant western industrialized nations. The IMFs executive director board is responsible for selecting the Managing Director. Any Executive Director may submit a nomination for the position. If more than one gets nominated, the executive board reaches a decision by consensus. But by precedence, usually only a European becomes the Managing director of IMF. And in the case of World Bank only an American becomes the head.Accountability The executive board do not adequately hold staff and management to account. There are no official mechanisms for holding elected Directors, members after being elected. The Dutch executive Director however, has introduced a template to ground evaluation of his staff which is slowly gathering favour and being implemented by other Directors. But still there are no rules and regulati ons except for a vague and broad mention in sec 14 d of the By-Laws. It states It shall be the duty of an executive Director and his alternate to devote all the time and attention to the business of the Fund that its interests require and between them, to be continually lendable at the principle offices of the Fund. According to IMF Articles of Agreement the Managing Director The Managing Director shall be chief of the operating staff of the Fund and shall pick out, under the direction of the Executive display panel, the median(a) business of the Fund. Subject to the general control of the Executive Board, he shall be responsible for the organization, appointment, and dismissal of the staff of the Fund (article xii, 4,b). Regarding the accountability of the Directors, a code of conduct was established only in 2000 applicable to Executive Directors, their alternates and senior Advisors. It has established some standards of ethical conduct regarding conflict of interests arising from the functioning as Executive Director and also supposed to treat confidential information. It also mandates disclosure of regular financial reports. For the purpose of confirming to confidentiality and other ethical issues, an Ethics committee of five Executive Directors was formed. But far most, the committee can only warn the relevant Executive Director communicate it to the respective Governor. It has to be kept in mind that ultimately the internal accountability comes down to moral persuasions. Accountability of Executive Directors, in relation to the countries they represent, however, work in different terms. The countries with their own representatives can hold their directors directly accountable. He can be dismissed and replaced at will. But a representative Director who was elected cannot be dismissed or replaced by any of the members until his term ends. A member can be induced to resign but no Articles provide the members the right to require endurance from him. Th e problem with this set up is obvious. There is no mandated obligation for him to follow the orders or directions of the member countries. The director can even vote against the interests of the very member, he/she represent. Reading this with the sec 14 d of the article provides a much more clear picture. Where the Director is not mandatorily obligated to follow the directions of the countries represented by him, he is obligated to work in tandem with other members. This creates enormous opportunities for developed nations to but buy-out the representatives of developing and under-developed countries. This problem emanates from the fact also that constituencies are not mandatorily legitimate units of representation. Regarding the accountability of the staffs and management towards executive board, three reasons are cited. First, it is difficult for members of the Executive Board to prepare papers and positions on all countries. Many Executive Directors remain in the job only for a short time. In the cases of constituencies, as there are rotations of the seat of Director, the time for the Director is too short to acquire real idea of the organizational set up. Second, the tendency to present a picture of unified view in Board newss, the staff and management fail to play a proactive role by seriously debating over their disagreement. Third, the most important problem is that many discussion are taken by Executive Boards before the board meetings. This is especially the sign of influence of the dominant countries in the decision making processes of the IMF. Issues like loans to countries that are against the US approval or interest will not at all be presented before the board.IMF also lacks accountability to its member nations. IMF by its, functioning is accountable only to the Finance ministers and central bank Governors. But the role of IMf has expanded to such ranges that the accountability needs to be widened. The IMFs prescriptions are now not only rest ricted to only matters concerning finance ministries and central bank governors.Expanding activitiesIMF was not instituted by its founders to carry out the range of activities it is currently carrying out. The IMF was instituted on the basis of the Keynesian demand management. It was understood that there should be an international organisation to overlook the monetary activities of the countries to keep the exchange rates relatively stable and insulated from shocks. But the area of interest expanded with decreasing clout of the Soviet bloc. More nations switched over to capitalist model and IMF and world Bank were rested with the duty to open the conglomerate . These functions got impetus with the neo-liberal policies initiated by Reagan and Thatcher in the United States and Britain. A major transformation came with the demise of the Soviet bloc after which the marketisation of these economies become the main objective of the Bretton Woods institutions. With these they have almost became the primary instruments of globalisation of world economy. The BWIs have come to be the only large lenders and monetary policy institutions. More and more countries are forced to approach these organizations in the absence of an alternative. In a sample of 25 countries, there were only between six and ten measures of performance criteria for loans on conditionality whereas it increased to 25 measures at the end of 1990s.But the accountability and transparency of the IMF has not increased with these new functions.The role of US and other developing countriesThe role of US especially the treasury in the functioning of the Bretton Woods institution has been a matter of concern and critique for the democratization of the global financial institutions. Also the US along with other developed countries called G7 form a formidable group controlling almost 47.13% of the total voting power. These countries act as a de facto management of IMF. Also unlike the developing countries they have well equipped staffs . They co-ordinate between each other. This is ensured by their shared interests, being the major creditors. The ministers, central bank governors convene a meeting on issues and agendas before the annual and spring meetings and issue press communiqu together. The Executive Directors also co-ordinate with each other on common positions. The IMF has acted more as an arm of the western especially US financial interests. The liberalization policy was forced on Kenya by the US Treasury through the IMF. The experience of Kenya when it implemented financial liberalization was devastating. The result was fourteen bank failures in 1993 and 1994. Also the US holds the only veto power in the IMF with its 17% voting share. Also in 2000 the US congress was unilaterally able to propose and pass a resolution and later implement a measure of change and reform in IMF without consulting any other member. The US through its executive Board members, staffs and location of th e organization and as the BWIs court US favour for their operation exercise a hegemonic influence over both IMF and Bank ( Stiglitz, 2002).Needed ReformsMost of the problems regarding IMF arise because of the dissonance created between IMFs supposed functions and the current functions it is carrying out. The IMF, to use Nobel laureate and earlier chief economist in World Bank, Joseph Stiglitz the IMF never likes to discuss the uncertainties associated with the policies that it recommends, but rather, likes to project an image of being infallible(Stiglitz, 2002 230). The IMF, time and again has been only admitting mistakes as in the handling East Asia crisis. The IMF have also been slow in learning from its mistakes. But the mistakes are not simply mistakes by indifferent individuals. They are also evidence to the level of influence of free market ideology professed by the international financial community and the US Treasury. The reforms must also focus on the operational costs bein g forced on to the developing countries, the principle borrowers. The operational costs of IMF is financed by the subscriptions every member country makes and also from the interests to the loans debtor countries pay back. By this logic, it is the developing countries which are financing most of the IMF expenses. From the breakdown of the expenses of the IMF, it has been founded that the contribution of the developed countries who are the creditors have come down to 29% in 2000 from 71% in 1980. this means that three fourths of the administrative expenses of the IMF is financed by the same countries are dependent on the loans provided by the IMF. Also the fund allocated for the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes(ROSCs) and the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP). Nearly 89 countries and 95 countries have participated in these schemes, respectively. But the majority of the countries who have had the assessments are developed countries. Developing countries and Sub Saharan African countries were hardly assessed about their financial and monetary status. Thus a bully amount of money is spent on countries that are in good health rather than on those who need help and re-structuring (Woods, 2006498).The IMF should restrict itself to the mandated functions it was allocated to it when it was formed i.e to only monitoring and advising on the exchange rate stability. The lending business should be handed over entirely to the world bank.Also the basic votes to the member countries should be brought back to the level at earlier years of IMF and should be slowly increased to enable a far more democratic practice than what is practiced now.Developing countries like India, China, Brazil, South Africa should be provided more voting share as their global contribution has also increased in recent years. peculiarly the case for increase of voting share of China is a long standing issue came to spotlight during the recent financial crisis when China has ba rgained for an increase in its voting share. More seats of Executive Directors should be formed to accommodate varied under-represented countries(Ambrose, 2007).Also agencies f horizontal accountability have to be make like independent evaluation unit. Like the supreme court acts as horizontal agency working as a component of constitutionalism one of the benchmarks of democracy in modern era, offices endowed with overseeing accountability and transparency have to be established.ConclusionThe IMF and World bank, especially IMF have veered away from their mandated area of functioning. The need for an international monetary agency always remains as long as capitalist economy prevails. The veto power hld by US also need to be balanced at least by providing other larger economies including developing economies with more role in decision making process. A more rational approach towards representation of poor nations has to be made. The liberalization of the asian economic powers has crea ted rifts even within borrowers regarding the kind of schemes of lending. While developing countries like China, India, Indonesia and so forth are provided with schemes with less scrutiny, Sub-Saharan countries receive credit after a long process of office work. The democratization of IMF based on the economic strength of present era will obviously provide great boost in bargaining power of developing countries vis--vis developed countries. But it is not sure whether the process will surely benefit even the poorest in these developing countries, let alone other poor countries of Latin America and Africa. The constituency system should be replaced by atleast minimum one per one country added with the vote in relation to their contribution to the world economy. Accountability within the organization can be developed only when the term of the Directors are ensured unlike in the case of constituency where rotation system operates. ReferencesNayyar, Deepak (ed.). 2006. Governing globose ization Issues and Instituions. 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